대과거(pluperfect) | -ha/-he/-ho + bihe |
완료단정(perfective assertive) | -ha/-he/-ho + bi |
완료진행(perfective processive) | -me + bihe, -mbihe |
미완료진행(non-perfective processive) | -me+bi, -me + bi- |
미완료지속(non-perfective durative) | -hai/-hei/-hoi + bi |
완료지속(perfective durative) | -hai/-hei/-hoi + bihe |
미완료상태(non-perfective statal) | -fi +bi, -fi + bi- |
완료상태(perfective statal) | -fi + bihe |
부정상태(negative statal) | -rakū + bi, -hakū + bi |
pu | i | niyalma | be | gai-fi | acinggiya-hakv | te-hei | bi-he. |
castle | GEN | people | ACC | take-CVB | be.shaken-PTCP(NEG) | sit-CVB | be-PST |
tondo | nomhon | niyalma | se-ci | o-mbi |
upright | docile | man | call-CVB | be(AUX)-NPST |
(1) 화제(topic)
(2) “unenggi(확실히)”, “aika(만약)” 등 부사에 연결되어 “만약….하면”의 뜻을 나타낸다.
aika | majige | tookabu-re | goida-ra | o-ci |
if | a.little | stuffy-PTCP | long-PTCP | be(AUX)-CVB |
(3) “uttu(이렇다)”, “tuttu(그렇다)” 등 지시사에 연결되어 “이러면”, “그러면”의 의미를 나타낸다.
tuttu | o-ci | juwe | ilan | inenggi | bila-ki. |
like.that | be(AUX)-CVB | two | three | day | limit-OPT |
ming | gurun | i | fon-de, | han | i | jui | o-cibe, | cin | wang | o-cibe | ali-fi | icihiya-bu-habi. |
Ming | country | GEN | time-DATL | khan | GEN | kid | be-CVB | Cin | Wang | be-CVB | accept-CVB | deal.with-PASS-PST.INDEF |
sain | o-cibe | ehe | o-cibe | mem-be | emu | dobori | teile | dedu-bu |
good | be-CVB | bad | be-CVB | we-ACC | one | night(GEN) | only | lie.down-CAUS |
tere | anda | honin | i | hūda-i | ba-de | gene-fi | uthai | ji-mbi | se-me | gisure-fi | gene-he |
that | friend | sheep | GEN | business-GEN | place-DATL | go-CVB | at.once | come-NPAST | say-CVB | talk-CVB | go-PST |
si | uthai | isi-nji-ha-ngge | lak | se-me | sain |
you | at.once | arrive-come-PTCP-NMLZ | lak | say-CVB | good |
(1) -ki sembi
sin-i | beye | gene-ki | se-he | dabala, | we | sim-be | gene | se-he |
you-GEN | self | go-OPT | say-PTCP | merely | who | you-ACC | go(IMP) | say-PST |
(2) -rahū sembi
bi | damu | age | si | jide-rahū | ayoo | se-re | dabala |
I | only | brother | you | come-PTCP(NEG) | not.likely | say-PTCP | merely |
(3) 체언 혹은 동사의 종결형과 연결