a | a | a | open front unrounded vowel | French dame dam, Spanish padre "paD4e | |
b | b | b | voiced bilabial plosive | English bed bEd, French bon bO~ | |
b_< | b_< | ɓ | voiced bilabial implosive | Sindhi ɓarʊ b_<arU | |
c | c | c | voiceless palatal plosive | Hungarian latyak "lQcQk | |
d | d | d | voiced alveolar plosive | English dig dIg, French doigt dwa | |
d` | d` | ɖ | voiced retroflex plosive | Swedish hord hu:d` | |
d_< | d_< | ɗ | voiced alveolar implosive | Sindhi ɗarʊ d_<arU | |
e | e | e | close-mid front unrounded vowel | French ses se, American English mate met | |
f | f | f | voiceless labiodental fricative | English five faIv, French femme fam | |
g | g | ɡ | voiced velar plosive | English game geIm, French longue lO~g | |
g_< | g_< | ɠ | voiced velar implosive | Sindhi ɠəro g_<@ro | |
h | h | h | voiceless glottal fricative | English house haUs | |
h\ | h\ | ɦ | voiced glottal fricative | Czech hrad h\rat | |
i | i | i | close front unrounded vowel | English be bi:, French oui wi, Spanish si si | |
j | j | j | palatal approximant | English yes jEs, French yeux j2 | |
j\ | j\ | ʝ | voiced palatal fricative | Greek γειά j\a | |
k | k | k | voiceless velar plosive | English scat sk{t, Spanish carro "kar:o | |
l | l | l | alveolar lateral approximant | English lay leI, French mal mal | |
l` | l` | ɭ | retroflex lateral approximant | Svealand Swedish sorl so:l` | |
l\ | l\ | ɺ | alveolar lateral flap | Japanese rakuten l\akM_0teN\ | |
m | m | m | bilabial nasal | English mouse maUs, French homme Om | |
n | n | n | alveolar nasal | English nap n{p, French non nO~ | |
n` | n` | ɳ | retroflex nasal | Swedish hörn h2:n` | |
o | o | o | close-mid back rounded vowel | French gros gRo | |
p | p | p | voiceless bilabial plosive | English speak spik, French pose poz, Spanish perro "per:o | |
p\ | p\ | ɸ | voiceless bilabial fricative | Japanese fuku p\M_0kM | |
q | q | q | voiceless uvular plosive | Arabic qasbah "qQs_Gba | |
r | r | r | alveolar trill | Spanish perro "per:o | |
r` | r` | ɽ | retroflex flap | ||
r\ | r\ | ɹ | alveolar approximant | English red r\Ed | |
r\` | r\` | ɻ | retroflex approximant | Malayalam വഴി "v@r\`i | |
s | s | s | voiceless alveolar fricative | English seem si:m, French session se"sjO~ | |
s` | s` | ʂ | voiceless retroflex fricative | Swedish mars mas` | |
s\ | s\ | ɕ | voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | Polish świerszcz s\v'erStS | |
t | t | t | voiceless alveolar plosive | English stew stju:, French raté Ra"te, Spanish tuyo "tujo | |
t` | t` | ʈ | voiceless retroflex plosive | Swedish mört m2t` | |
u | u | u | close back rounded vowel | English boom bu:m, Spanish su su | |
v | v | v | voiced labiodental fricative | English vest vEst, French voix vwa | |
v\ (or P ) | v\ (or P)] | ʋ | labiodental approximant | Dutch west v\Est/PEst | |
w | w | w | labial-velar approximant | English west wEst, French oui wi | |
x | x | x | voiceless velar fricative | Scots loch lOx or 5Ox; German Buch, Dach; Spanish caja, gestión | |
x\ | x\ | ɧ | voiceless palatal-velar fricative | Swedish sjal x\A:l | |
y | y | y | close front rounded vowel | French tu ty German über "y:b6 | |
z | z | z | voiced alveolar fricative | English zoo zu:, French azote a"zOt | |
z` | z` | ʐ | voiced retroflex fricative | Mandarin Chinese rang z`aN | |
z\ | z\ | ʑ | voiced alveolo-palatal fricative | Polish źrebak "z\rEbak | |
A | A | ɑ | open back unrounded vowel | English father "fA:D@(r\) (RP and Gen.Am.) | |
B | B | β | voiced bilabial fricative | Spanish lavar la"Ba4 | |
B\ | B\ | ʙ | bilabial trill | Reminiscent of shivering (“brrr”) | |
C | C | ç | voiceless palatal fricative | German ich IC, English human "Cjum@n (broad transcription uses hj-) | |
D | D | ð | voiced dental fricative | English then DEn | |
E | E | ɛ | open-mid front unrounded vowel | French même mEm, English met mEt (RP and Gen.Am.) | |
F | F | ɱ | labiodental nasal | English emphasis "EFf@sIs (spoken quickly, otherwise uses Emf-) | |
G | G | ɣ | voiced velar fricative | Greek γωνία Go"nia, Danish vælge "vElG@ | |
G\ | G\ | ɢ | voiced uvular plosive | Inuktitut nirivvik niG\ivvik | |
G\_< | G\_< | ʛ | voiced uvular implosive | Mam ʛa G\_<a | |
H | H | ɥ | labial-palatal approximant | French huit Hit | |
H\ | H\ | ʜ | voiceless epiglottal fricative | ||
I | I | ɪ | near-close near-front unrounded vowel | English kit kIt | |
I\ | I\ | ᵻ or ɪ̈ | near-close central unrounded vowel | Polish ryba rI\bA | |
J | J | ɲ | palatal nasal | Spanish año "aJo, English canyon "k{J@n (broad transcription uses -nj-) | |
J\ | J\ | ɟ | voiced palatal plosive | Hungarian egy EJ\ | |
J\_< | J\_< | ʄ | voiced palatal implosive | Sindhi ʄaro J\_<aro | |
K | K | ɬ | voiceless alveolar lateral fricative | Welsh llaw KaU | |
K\ | K\ | ɮ | voiced alveolar lateral fricative | ||
L | L | ʎ | palatal lateral approximant | Italian famiglia fa"miLLa, Castilian llamar La"mar, English million "mIL@n (broad transcription uses -lj-) | |
L\ | L\ | ʟ | velar lateral approximant | ||
M | M | ɯ | close back unrounded vowel | Korean 으 (eu) | |
M\ | M\ | ɰ | velar approximant | Spanish fuego "fweM\o | |
N | N | ŋ | velar nasal | English thing TIN | |
N\ | N\ | ɴ | uvular nasal | Japanese san saN\ | |
O | O | ɔ | open-mid back rounded vowel | RP thought TO:t, American English off O:f | |
O\ | O\ | ʘ | bilabial click | ||
P (or v\ ) | P (or v\)] | ʋ | labiodental approximant | Dutch west PEst/v\Est, allophone of English phoneme /r\/ | |
Q | Q | ɒ | open back rounded vowel | RP lot lQt | |
R | R | ʁ | voiced uvular fricative | German rein RaIn | |
R\ | R\ | ʀ | uvular trill | French roi R\wa | |
S | S | ʃ | voiceless postalveolar fricative | English ship SIp | |
T | T | θ | voiceless dental fricative | English thin TIn | |
U | U | ʊ | near-close near-back rounded vowel | English foot fUt | |
U\ | U\ | ᵿ or ʊ̈ | near-close central rounded vowel | English euphoria jU\"fO@r\i@ | |
V | V | ʌ | open-mid back unrounded vowel | RP English strut str\Vt | |
W | W | ʍ | voiceless labial-velar fricative | Scots when WEn | |
X | X | χ | voiceless uvular fricative | Klallam sχaʔqʷaʔ sXa?q_wa? | |
X\ | X\ | ħ | voiceless pharyngeal fricative | Arabic <ح>ha’ X\A: | |
Y | Y | ʏ | near-close near-front rounded vowel | German hübsch hYpS | |
Z | Z | ʒ | voiced postalveolar fricative | English vision "vIZ@n | |
. | . | . | syllable break | ||
" | " | ˈ | primary stress | ||
% | % | ˌ | secondary stress | ||
' (or _j ) | ' (or _j)] | ʲ | palatalized | ||
: | : | ː | long | ||
:\ | :\ | ˑ | half long | Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths | |
- | - | separator | Polish trzy t-S1 vs. czy tS1 (affricate) | ||
@ | @ | ə | schwa | English arena @"r\i:n@ | |
@\ | @\ | ɘ | close-mid central unrounded vowel | Paicĩ kɘ̄ɾɘ k@\_M4@\_M | |
{ | { | æ | near-open front unrounded vowel | English trap tr\{p | |
} | } | ʉ | close central rounded vowel | Swedish sju x\}:; AuE/NZE boot b}:t | |
1 | 1 | ɨ | close central unrounded vowel | Welsh tu t1, American English rose's "r\oUz1z | |
2 | 2 | ø | close-mid front rounded vowel | Danish købe "k2:b@, French deux d2 | |
3 | 3 | ɜ | open-mid central unrounded vowel | English nurse n3:s (RP) or n3`s (Gen.Am.) | |
3\ | 3\ | ɞ | open-mid central rounded vowel | Irish tomhailt3\:l' | |
4 | 4 | ɾ | alveolar flap | Spanish pero "pe4o, American English better "bE4@` | |
5 | 5 | ɫ | velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see English milk mI5k, Portuguese livro "5iv4u | ||
6 | 6 | ɐ | near-open central vowel | German besser "bEs6, Australian English mud m6d | |
7 | 7 | ɤ | close-mid back unrounded vowel | Estonian kõik k7ik, Vietnamese mơ m7_M | |
8 | 8 | ɵ | close-mid central rounded vowel | Swedish buss b8s | |
9 | 9 | œ | open-mid front rounded vowel | French neuf n9f, Danish drømme dR9m@ | |
& | & | ɶ | open front rounded vowel | Swedish skörd x\&d` | |
? | ? | ʔ | glottal stop | Danish stød sd2?, Cockney English bottle "bQ?l | |
?\ | ?\ | ʕ | voiced pharyngeal fricative | Arabic ع (ayn) ?\Ajn | |
* | * | undefined escape character, SAMPA's “conjunctor” | |||
/ | / | indeterminacy in French vowels | |||
< | < | begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA) | |||
<\ | <\ | ʢ | voiced epiglottal fricative | ||
> | > | end nonsegmental notation | |||
>\ | >\ | ʡ | epiglottal plosive | ||
^ | ^ | ꜛ | upstep | ||
! | ! | ꜜ | downstep | ||
!\ | !\ | ǃ | postalveolar click | ||
| | | | minor (foot) group | |||
|\ | |\ | ǀ | dental click | ||
|| | || | ‖ | major (intonation) group | ||
|\|\ | |\|\ | ǁ | alveolar lateral click | ||
=\ | =\ | ǂ | palatal click | ||
-\ | -\ | ‿ | linking mark | ||
_" | _" | ̈ | centralized | ||
_+ | _+ | ̟ | advanced | ||
_- | _- | ̠ | retracted | ||
_/ | _/ | ̌ | rising tone | ||
_0 | _0 | ̥ | voiceless | ||
_< | _< | implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives) | |||
= (or _=) | = (or _=) | ̩ | syllabic | ||
_> | _> | ʼ | ejective | ||
_?\ | _?\ | ˤ | pharyngealized | ||
_\ | _\ | ̂ | falling tone | ||
_^ | _^ | ̯ | non-syllabic | ||
_} | _} | ̚ | no audible release | ||
` | ` | ˞ | rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example) | ||
~ (or _~) | ~ (or _~) | ̃ | nasalization | ||
_A | _A | ̘ | advanced tongue root | ||
_a | _a | ̺ | apical | ||
_B | _B | ̏ | extra low tone | ||
_B_L | _B_L | ᷅ | low rising tone | ||
_c | _c | ̜ | less rounded | ||
_d | _d | ̪ | dental | ||
_e | _e | ̴ | velarized or pharyngealized; also see 5 | ||
<F> | <F> | ↘ | global fall | ||
_F | _F | ̂ | falling tone | ||
_G | _G | ˠ | velarized | ||
_H | _H | ́ | high tone | ||
_H_T | _H_T | ᷄ | high rising tone | ||
_h | _h | ʰ | aspirated | ||
_j (or ') | _j (or ') | ʲ | palatalized | ||
_k | _k | ̰ | creaky voice | ||
_L | _L | ̀ | low tone | ||
_l | _l | ˡ | lateral release | ||
_M | _M | ̄ | mid tone | ||
_m | _m | ̻ | laminal | ||
_N | _N | ̼ | linguolabial | ||
_n | _n | ⁿ | nasal release | ||
_O | _O | ̹ | more rounded | ||
_o | _o | ̞ | lowered | ||
_q | _q | ̙ | retracted tongue root | ||
<R> | <R> | ↗ | global rise | ||
_R | _R | ̌ | rising tone | ||
_R_F | _R_F | ᷈ | rising falling tone | ||
_r | _r | ̝ | raised | ||
_T | _T | ̋ | extra high tone | ||
_t | _t | ̤ | breathy voice | ||
_v | _v | ̬ | voiced | ||
_w | _w | ʷ | labialized | ||
_X | _X | ̆ | extra-short | ||
_x | _x | ̽ | mid-centralized |
입력 방법:
[m_0A?<55>]는 고유어로 사람 명사나 인칭대명사 앞에 위치해도 되고, 뒤에 위치해도 되지만, 후치하는 것이 일반적이다. [tA?<31>]는 한자 차용어로 사람 명사나 인칭대명사 앞에 위치한다.
출력 결과:
m_0A?<55>는 고유어로 사람 명사나 인칭대명사 앞에 위치해도 되고, 뒤에 위치해도 되지만, 후치하는 것이 일반적이다. tA?<31>는 한자 차용어로 사람 명사나 인칭대명사 앞에 위치한다.
입력 방법:
- [z\u<33>] ‘또(又)’, [z\E<33>] ‘또한(也)’, [XAN<33>]/[p_jE~<33>] ‘~면서, …하다(边/一边)’를 사용함. * [z`E<33>] 를 사용할 때는 동사의 바로 뒤에는 어기조사 [Ei?<55>] 이 온다.
출력 결과:
Небя-в | мя-кӑнанда | яӈгу |
mother-1SG | tent-LOC.3SG | be.NEG |
nʹebʹa-w | mʹa-k°nanda | jaŋgu |
mother-1SG | tent-LOC.3SG | be.NEG |
ts`MN31thA?31 | Ei?55 | s`Mk55 | ts\E~31 | kuAN33 | x@u33 |
mountaintop | POS | tree | cut | completely | PTCL |
pAi<31> Ei?<55> z\E<33> tiAN<31> Ei?<55>' (달리다 또 뛰다) 달리다 PAR 또 뛰다 PAR
아창어의 격조사는 다음과 같다.
(1) 목적격 조사 t@<33> : 목적어의 유정성이 높으면 필수로 써야 하고, 그렇지 않으면 선택적이다. 오해의 소지가 있으면 쓰고 그렇지 않으면 생략하여도 된다. 유정정이 낮은 목적어에 t@<33>를 쓰면 강조 하는 역할을 하거나 운율을 조절하는 역할을 한다.
(2) 관형격 조사 : Ei?<55>/kA<33>
(3) 부사격 조사
① tsA<33>: 형용사 중첩형 뒤에 쓰여 부사어임을 나타냄.
ts_hA~<33> ts_huA~<33>tsA<33>ts\A<31>
빨리 먹다
빠르다 빠르다 ADV 먹다
② t@<33>: - 처격 표지.
No<31>tuN<33>nAi<31> t@<33> lA?<31> @i?<55> 우린 낮에 간다.
우리 낮 LOC 가다 PAR
비교구문에서 비교 기준과 비교 결과 사이에 쓰임. “~보다“
A<31>nuN<31>A<31>sA<135>t@<33>k@<33>Ei?<55>
남동생이 형(오빠)보다 좋다.
남동생 형/오빠 COM 좋다 PAR
수반격 표지. m_0A?<55>는 고유어로 사람 명사나 인칭대명사 앞에 위치해도 되고, 뒤에 위치해도 되지만, 후치하는 것이 일반적이다. tɑʔ31는 한자 차용어로 사람 명사나 인칭대명사 앞에 위치한다.
nAN<33> k_hA<55> z\u?<31> m_0A?<55> lA?<31>
넌 누구랑 가니?
너 누구 COMI 가다